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LES ACIDES NUCLEIQUES

Analyse 

Quels sont les deux types d’acides nucléiques ?

Qui ont découvert la structure de la double hélice ? En quelle année ?

Quelles sont les trois propriétés de l’ADN

Quelles sont les bases de l’ADN ?

Quelle différence faites-vous entre ADN et ARN ?

Quels sont les éléments nécessaires à la duplication ?

Comment appelle-t-on le sucre des ARN ?

Que signifie ARNr ?

Quel est le rôle de l’ ARNt ?

Analyse 

Les acides nucléiques

  1. Définition

On les appelle acides nucléiques parce qu’ils se trouvent dans les noyaux.

  1. Types d’acides nucléiques

On distingue deux acides nucléiques :

  1. L’acide désoxyribonucléique ADN
  2. L’acide ribonucléique
  1. L’ADN

Structure

L’ADN est une molécule à double hélices. C’est en 1953 que James WATSON et Francis CRICK ont proposé le modèle de la double hélice (bihélicoloidale).

Cette structure à double chaînes se caractérise par trois propriétés :

  • Antiparallèles
  • Complémentaires
  • Hélicoïdales

Sur ces deux chaines, on trouve les bases azotées:

  • La base thymine
  • La base cytosine
  • La base guanine
  • La base adénine.
  1. Différence entre ADN et ARN

N.B : l’ADN  n’est pas seulement dans le noyau, il est aussi présent dans le cytoplasme tels que les mitochondues.

  1. La réplication de l’ADN

L’ADN peut se dupliquer c’est-à-dire produire deux molécules filles identiques à la molécule (ADN) de la cellule mère c’est-à-dire la quantité de l’ADN  a doublé.

  1. Les éléments nécessaires à la réplication      
  2. Les ADN
  • Avoir l’ADN parental
  • Avoir de nucléotide disponible sous forme de triphosphate pour lui fournir l’énergie (ATP)
  • Les enzymes pour séparer les brins (l’ADN polymérase)
  • Les cations divalents (Mg++)
  1. Les ARN

C’est une molécule à une seule hélice courte, caractérisée par :

  • Le sucre richissime C5H10O5
  • Les bases azotées sont : àdénine, guanine, cytosine, uracile remplace la thymine.

Différents types d’ARN

   

  • ARNr = ARN ribosomial 65% de ribosome nécessaire à la synthèse des protéines.
  • ARNt = ARN de transfert, il fixe et achemine les a.a au lieu de synthèse.
  • ARNm =  ARN messager, ce nom est formulé par F.Jacob et J.Monod en 1961. Il fait la copie de l’information génétique et jusqu’au ribosome.

 

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